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Knee Osteoarthritis: (Harada,2014; n =53; mean age= 59.5(8.6) years; Radiographic Kellgren-Lawrence scale knee OA grade >1)

• SEM for competence subscale = 0.26 (calculated from statistics in Harada et al,2014)
• SEM for adaptability subscale = 0.38 (calculated from statistics in Harada et al,2014)
• SEM for self-esteem subscale= 0.36 (calculated from statistics in Harada et al,2014)

Knee Osteoarthritis: (Harada,2014)

• MDC = 2.7 (calculated from statistics from Harada et al, 2014)

Knee Osteoarthritis (Harada et al, 2014)

• Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach¡¯s alpha = 0.95) for the total score and (0.92, 0.88 and 0.87) for the Competence, Adaptability, and Self-Esteem subscales, respectively.

Predictive Validity

Knee Osteoarthritis ( Harada et al, 2014)

• Adequate predictive validity of PIADS adaptability sub scale with use of cane for the 45-60 years old age group (r = 0.54)
• Poor predictive validity in adults 65 years and over (r range= 0.09-0.13)

Multiple Sclerosis: (Demers, 2002; n=81; mean age 47.8(9.4) years; Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score = 6.5 or more)

• SEM = 0.76 

Multiple Sclerosis: (Demers, 2002)

• MDC = 2.1 (calculated from statistics from Demers, 2001) 

Multiple Sclerosis: (Devitt, 2003; n =20; mean age = 53.4 years, Median months since wheelchair users: 42 months)

• Mean PIADS scores: Competence = 1.54 (0.85), Adaptability = 1.64 (0.82), Self-esteem=1.06 (0.78)

Multiple Sclerosis (Demers et al , 2002)

• Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach¡¯s alpha range 0.87-0.95)

Discriminant Validity

Multiple Sclerosis (Demers et al , 2002)

• Principal components analysis showed 61 % total variance.

Multiple Conditions (Spinal Cord Injury, Multiple Sclerosis, Cerebral Palsy, Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Radiculopathy, Degenerative Spinal Condition, Rheumatoid arthritis)( De Rosier, 2004; n = 10; mean age = 43.9 (13.98) years; mean years of disability = 18.1)

• Mean PIADS scores : Competence = 1.79, Adaptability = 1.79, Self-esteem=1.49 (De Rosier et al, 2004)
• Mean PIADS scores : Competence = 2.32, Adaptability = 1.77, Self-esteem=1.67 (Burton et al, 2008)

Predictive Validity

Stroke and Multiple Sclerosis: (Barett, 2010; n=21 (stroke), 20 (MS); mean age of stroke patients = 62 (12) years, MS patients = 56 (6.9) years; mean years since stroke = 4.2 (3.87), MS = 10.7 (7.73))

• Spearman¡¯s rank order correlation coefficient values; changes in walking speed versus PIADS scores

Cervical Spinal Cord Injury ( Rigby,2005; n= 32; mean age =39.7 years)

• Mean PIADS scores for Assistive device users: Competence = 2.02 (0.77), Adaptability = 1.66 (0.86), Self-esteem=2.03 (0.64)
• Mean PIADS scores for Assistive device non- users: Competence = 1.99 (0.66), Adaptability = 1.64 (0.79), Self-esteem=1.89 (0.69)

Eye Glass wear Users : (Day,2002 ; n = 153)

• Adequate test retest reliability over two weeks test ¨Cretest interval. (ICC = 0.45)

Eye Glass wear Users : (Day,2002)

• Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach¡¯s alpha = 0.95)
• Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach¡¯s alpha= 0.75 to 0.94) (Jutai et al, 2002)

Concurrent Validity

Eye Glass wear Users : (Jutai et al,2002)

• Excellent concurrent validity (coefficient = 0.77 to 0.83)

Discriminant Validity

Eye Glass wear Users : (Day et al,1996 ; n = 153)

• Positive correlation was established between total score on PIADS and Pleasure and Dominance on Mehrabian and Russell¡¯s PIADS (coefficient not mentioned)

Eye Glass wear Users: (Day,2002)

• Content validity was established with discussion with people with disabilities. Items on the scale did represent both functional competence and quality of life, (r >0.20).